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A hard disk is a sealed unit containing a number of platters in a stack. Hard disks may be mounted in a horizontal or a vertical position. In this description, the hard drive is mounted horizontally.
Electromagnetic read/write heads are positioned above and below each platter.As the platters spin, the drive heads move in toward the center surface and outtoward the edge. In this way, the drive heads can reach the entire surface of each platter.
On a hard disk, data is stored in thin, concentric bands. A drive head, while in one positioncan read or write a circular ring, or band called a track. There can be more than a thousandtracks on a 3.5-inch hard disk. Sections within each track are called sectors. A sector is thesmallest physical storage unit on a disk, and is almost always 512 bytes (0.5 kB) in size.
To the operating system of a computer, tracks are logical rather than physical in structure,and are established when the disk is low-level formatted. Tracks are numbered, starting at 0 (the outermost edge of the disk), and going up to the highest numbered track, typically 1023, (close to the center). Similarly, there are 1,024 cylinders (numbered from 0 to 1023) on a hard disk.
The stack of platters rotate at a constant speed. The drive head, while positioned close to thecenter of the disk reads from a surface that is passing by more slowly than the surface at theouter edges of the disk. To compensate for this physical difference, tracks near the outside ofthe disk are less-densely populated with data than the tracks near the center of the disk. The result of the different data density is that the same amount of data can be read over the sameperiod of time, from any drive head position.
A sector, being the smallest physical storage unit on the disk, is almost always 512 bytes in size because 512 is a power of 2 (2 to the power of 9). The number2 is used because there are two states in the most basic of computer languages - on and off.